Ralph Waldo Emerson Essays (1096 words) - Transcendentalism

Ralph Waldo Emerson Ralph Waldo Emerson certainly took his place in the history of American Literature . He lived in a time when romanticism was becoming a way of thinking and beginning to bloom in America, the time period known as The Romantic Age. Romantic thinking stressed on human imagination and emotion rather than on basic facts and reason. Ralph Waldo Emerson not only provided plenty of that, but he also nourished it and inspired many other writers of that time. "His influence can be found in the works of Henry David Thoreau, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Henry James, and Robert Frost.". No doubt, Ralph Waldo Emerson was an astute and intellectual man who influenced American Literature and has rightly received the credit that he deserves from historians. He has been depicted as a leading figure in American thought and literature, or at least ranks up there with the very best. But there is so much more to Ralph Waldo Emerson when we consider the personal hardships that he had to endure during the course of his life and when we see the type of man that he becomes. He certainly was a man of inspiration who knew how to express himself by writing the best of poems and philosophical ideas with inspiration. To get an idea of how Ralph Waldo Emerson might have become such an inspiration to the people, some background on his life is essential. Can you imagine living a life with all your loved ones passing away one by one? A persons life could collapse into severe depression, lose hope, and lose meaning. He can build a morbid outlook on life. Ralph Waldo Emerson suffered these things. He was born on May 25, 1803 and entered into a new world, a new nation just beginning. Just about eight years later, his father would no longer be with him, as William Emerson died in 1811. The Emerson family was left to a life marked by poverty. Ralph's mother, Ruth, was left as a widow having to take care of five sons. However, Ralph's life seemed to carry on smoothly. He would end up attending Harvard College and persue a job of teaching full time. While teaching as a junior pastor of Boston's Second Church, his life gained more meaning when he married Ellen Louisa Tucker. Journal entries and love letters he wrote at that time expressed lots of feelings and emotions that he had. But after two short years of marriage, Ellen died of tuberculosis. Suddenly, the one true person he had in his life was gone. Life was losing it's meaning, and Ralph Waldo Emerson was in need of some answers. This dark period drove him to question his beliefs. Emerson resigned from the Second Church and his profession as a pastor in search for vital truth and hope. But his father and wife were not the only deaths that he had to deal with. His strength and endurance would be put to the test much further with a perennial line of loved ones dying. His brother Edward, died in 1834, Charles in 1836, and his son Waldo (from his second wife Lydia Jackson) in 1842. After such a traumatic life, you might expect that Emerson, like any other person,would collapse into severe depression, lose hope, and lose meaning to his life. But Emerson was different. He found the answers within himself and rebounded into a mature man . After surviving a mentally hard life, Ralph Waldo Emerson seemed to gain more discernment toward life. Wisdom is gained through experience. By 1835, Emerson's rare and extravagant spirit was ready to be unleashed. All his deep feelings, emotions, and thoughts fabricated truth the way he arrived at truth, within himself. "To believe your own thought, to believe that what is true for you in your private heart is true for all men- that is genius. Speak your latent conviction and it shall be the universal sense; for always the inmost becomes the outmost-and our first thought is rendered back to us by the trumpets of the last judgment." Emerson fully believed this and supported it by taking part in a new philosophical movement called Transcendentalism. In 1836, his first boot,

Three Types of Cloning

Three Types of Cloning Free Online Research Papers Free healthcare was once a possibility. Just years ago our administration formed a plan that would allow free healthcare for the nation yet today we find ourselves struggling. People keep dieing of diseases we have barely funded cures for. The elderly are going without in order to pay for hundreds of dollars in prescriptions. Transplant lists grow page after pageeveryday. Good healthcare benefits are becoming a deal breaker for employees. With all of the millions of dollars spent in healthcare a year, there has to be a better way. Over the past decades, scientists and bio-engineers have come farther and farther in the field of medical advancements. We have come up with prosthetics, skin grafts, and machines that cure the sick or help those in need. (Cloning Fact Sheet 1) Although we have made many inventions and changed many people’s lives, most of our advancements only aid in more cosmetic issues and the pumps and valves we insert into organs and veins, may only stall the inevitable. The fact is that we have not found cures for cancer or AIDS. We do not have enough donated organs to replace those who are in need but there is something we can do about that. Scientists have discovered that it is possible to use cloning to clone human tissue and organs. Today three different kinds of cloning have been discovered: Recombinant DNA technology or DNA cloning, reproductive cloning, and therapeutic cloning. Recombinant DNA technology is practically the coping of a gene and/ or chromosomes. Reproductive cloning is the duplication of an animal buy implanting genetic material into an adult cell whose nucleus has been removed. Then either chemical or electric stimulation causes the cell to actually split forming an embryo, which is then implanted into the female until birth. In this process the animal created is not identical of the donor animal. This could be used to clone animals around the world where livestock may have died off and to create food. Therapeutic cloning is also referred to as â€Å"embryo cloning† and is the production of human embryos to harvest the stem cells. The harvesting of stem cells is where the development of tissue could be produced and used medically. This sort of technology could be the most beneficial. It could easily save lives and cure disease. According to Gralla, this process of cloning could also clone organs for transplants, which might put an end to the many people who lay around suffering while waiting to be moved up a space or two on a list that they could die before ever getting their chance. (148) Though the technology is far from being perfected, scientists have successfully cloned cells and animals. The very cloning of animals could be used to end starvation around the world. The loss of livestock would no longer ruin a family. If the government were to give more money to the scientists to possible perfect the cloning of cells, we could do so much to help people. Though there are many good things about cloning, organ cloning specifically, there are many drawbacks. Though there have been many documented successes in cloning, Dolly was one success out of many, many tries. 90% of clone attempts fail, not to mention the great expense of cloning. Along with the low efficiency of a perfect clone created with each time, those clones have a very low immune system and are more susceptible to disease and infection. Many develop tumors and many other disorders. Many of the cloned animals around the world died very young and were born at abnormal sizes but if funded, scientists could keep working to perfect the technology that could allow a perfect clone of a cell, each time. (Brown 368) The cost of keeping a person on life support costs thousands of dollars. The cost oh chemotherapy and dialysis machines are too great. Finding insurance that will cover even a fourth of a terminally ill person is rare. Prescriptions and experimental drugs are offered to possibly cure or delay sickness but many of the things found to work, are only available to those with the money to spend. There are millions of poverty stricken people who will die because they cannot afford to go to the hospital or who know there is no point in going to the hospital because they know they will die because they have no money for medicine and treatment. Cloning could produce viable organs for those on transplant lists and shorten their stay in hospitals and use of expensive machines and medicines. Cloning could produce healthy tissue that could maybe cure cancer and tumors, which would keep patients off of chemotherapy,which takes a terrible toll on the body, even with our modern medicine. Over all, the funding and advancement of cloning can only help us. There are many positive things it could do and the fist costs of developing it will ultimately save our country in healthcare. With these medical advancements in place, the healthcare deficit will decrease greatly. And maybe when we do perfect the process to where we produce healthy cells and tissue each time, we could expand this research into other countries and possibly put and end to terminal sickness and give all people, no matter of social or economical standings, a chance to live full and healthy lives. Research Papers on Three Types of CloningGenetic EngineeringThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationTwilight of the UAWRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductPETSTEL analysis of IndiaPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Project Managment Office System

Etihad airways Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Etihad airways - Essay Example The company has essentially covered a wider market within the short period of time. Etihad Airways has effective marketing mixing strategies that comprise of short-term policies and the long term objectives. The company’s short term strategies are increasing costs while increasing yield as well as maintaining customer value throughout and starting a status quo development of providing luxury at the least cost. Long term strategies are aimed at increasing profits by more than 5-10%, increasing customer value by 8-10% by the end of 2015 and increasing the number of staffs by 15% as well as increasing inbound holidays to Abu Dhabi by 2030. Etihad Airways segregates its services in Etihad Diamond first class and Etihad pearl Business class which is integrated with actual staff provision and the multi-cuisine availability on board. The augmentation and differentiation of the services provided by the airline company gives it maximum competitive advantage over other competitors such as Emirates Airlines, Air Arabia, Fly Dubai, and Qatar airways (Travel and Tourism News Middle East 2013, n.p). Etihad Airways has an advantage in Abu Dhabi since it is the center of tourism attraction and therefore the company has chauffer service in Abu Dhabi airport and many other airports for the first class and business class passengers. The company also uses another marketing strategy of providing 24 hour departure facilities which is different from other companies and an early hour arrival which is only unique and identifiable with the company. Furthermore, the company uses market penetration pricing strategy that is intended to increase its market share through delivering same services at same price as compared to other competitors. The company has well trained staffs which gives it high prospects particularly in its luxurious segments which made it notch very high in customer benchmarking. The company has had bundled pricing efforts

Wall-MArt Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wall-MArt - Assignment Example The divisional structure works for Wal-Mart in attaining the objectives of each division. Annual shareholders meeting assists in the governing process of Wal-Mart in several aspects, with the assistance of a president or chief executive officer. The Wal-Mart Corporation has forty-one regions, thirty-five Wal-Mart regions and six Sam’s club regions (Maestri, 2010). Regional vice presidents head the regions thus supervise the operation of stores in the region. Each region has stores in each district chaired or headed by district managers for Wal-Mart stores and directors of operations for Sam’s clubs. District managers collaborate with regional personnel managers who are responsible for hiring workers and settling their issues. Each Wal-Mart has a person responsible for the overall store activities (store manager) and one in-charge of the overall activities (general manager). Below the store manager, there are co-managers; their deputies depending on the size of the store (Maestri, 2010). Down the ladder, there are hourly department managers who supervise all the junior workers in the stores. However, there are certain elements in the company that affect this structure. The company has a transparency policy in its operation, based on documents filed by the US Security Exchange Committee. This policy applies in all the Wal-Mart stores situated outside the territories of the US. The nomination of the Wal-Mart’s directors is based on shareholders votes. Wal-Mart has a significant number of stakeholders thus should engage all of them in its operations. However, this is not the case, as there is no evidence that shows the engagement of this audience in the executive duties. In addition, the Wal-Mart structure does not encourage training its staff in a manner that engages the stakeholders. Wal-Mart lacks a policy to appraise its ecological effects. However, it has a social assessment plan that evaluates its significance to the society through ethical

Cause and Effects of the invention of the Handphone Essay

Cause and Effects of the invention of the Handphone - Essay Example ated with using its sister-appliances – the telephone that had to be used within an area having a landline, and the carphone that involved using a device that was specially designed and fitted into automobiles. In both cases, the telephone users were forced to use the devices only when in close proximity to them {either at home/workplace or in the automobile}. The second cause was the bulky size of the telephone and carphone. People needed to have a smaller, lighter device that could be carried around easily. The third cause was the troublesome before and after subscription activities. Applying for a landline telephone is a lengthy process involving filling in bulky application forms, visiting the telecommunications office and waiting for subsequent installation visits by their technicians. For carphones, there is the hassle of ensuring that the chosen model fits correctly into the vehicle. Telephone or carphone bills have to be paid on time to ensure that the service is not t erminated. The fourth cause was that there was no text message that could be referred to; users of the telephone and carphone were constrained to limit their message to words, many of which are bound to be forgotten once the conversation ended. The last cause was the danger of being involved in car accidents due to diversion of attention caused by carphone conversations. The invention of the handphone has had several effects on society. First of all, people are able to benefit not only from communication via conversations, but in many other ways. The handphone has several other services such as Short Message Service {SMS} for exchanging text messages, email, packet switching to gain connection to the Internet, Bluetooth, games, camera with video recording and Multimedia Messaging Service {MMS} that can send and receive photographs and video clippings. Secondly, there is no restriction to using the handphone; it can be used in all areas where there could be no communication earlier, such as

Relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and Growth

Relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and Growth Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION This study will give us an opportunity to identify the determinants of FDI that develops economic growth, to understand the importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) in enhancing the economic growth in Malaysia, and also the relationship between (FDI) and the economic growth in Malaysia. In this chapter of study, the main focus will be on research background, research objectives, research questions and also the significant of study. Research Background 1.1.1 The Trend of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Flow in Malaysia The relationship between the growths of FDI with countries has been a debatable issue for several decades. This has become an eye opener which agreed by (Karimi, Sharift and Yusop, 2009, p.2) which drive policymakers to engage in incentives such as export processing zone and tax incentive in order to attract FDI. However, the determinant of FDI in each country is different and failure to understand how a specific country can attract FDI will bring difficulties to changes in economy. In the case of Malaysia, in 2007 the economy was ranked at 29th largest economy in the world with gross domestic products that worth to be $357.9billion (World Bank, 2007). Despite the impact of many externalities such as, oil crises in 1970s, to downturn in electronic industry in 1980s, and majorly impact the Asian financial crisis in 1997s. According to (Ministry of Finance, 2006) the growth of economy in Malaysia was consistent from 1988 to 1996 and maintain the economic annual growth of 7-10% per annu m, by the year 2005 the main source of growth was the manufacturing sector whose share of GDP increase to 31.4 percent. The key driver for the ongoing performance of Malaysias economy is the result of policy reform which is a determinant Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) which enhances the economic growth of Malaysia. The evidence here can be seen by (Ministry of Finance, 2001) introducing the Investment Incentives Act 1968, free trade zones in early 1970s, and export incentives with open policy in 1980s has led to an establishment of FDI in the 1980s. One good example to show that the government has use policy as a determinant of FDI would be, The Promotion of Investment Act (PIA) 1986 which gave a larger percentage of foreign equity ownership in order to attract FDI to enhance economy of Malaysia. This graph illustrates the FDI inflow from 1970-2004 in Malaysia. This research shown that (Har, Teo and Yee, 2008, p.12) FDI stock in Malaysia grew tremendously from 1970s to 1990s, despite fluctuation between the years, and the growth of FDI has been promising from $94 million dollars in 1970s to $2.6 billion by 1990s. Unfortunately, in the early 1990s, the rate of FDI inflow has decrease because of the slowdown investment in Malaysia by two main sources of investors which is Japan and Taiwan. As of 1996, the FDI rate (Har, Teo and Yee, 2008, p.12) has reach its peak when Malaysia successfully accumulated $7.3 billion dollar, by the end of 1998. There has been a major reduction in FDI inflow due to the financial crisis in 1997 that affected many Southeast Asia countries. Unfortunately, by the early 2000s the inflow of FDI in Malaysia has been unpredictable and inconsistent, but still manages to generate average inflow of $3billion per year. In 2007, Malaysias inward (FDI) performance index has reduce compared to the inward (FDI) potential index which shows that Malaysia lack the capability to attract foreign investors in this recent years as seen in table1, and the key factors is because neighboring countries such as China, and India has much more attractive offers such as lower labor cost that make their business more efficient. Since the inflow FDI has been decreasing, Malaysia was ranked 71 in 2007. The table above explains that inward FDI inflow in Malaysia were only US $ 8,043 million and it was only 2.6% of total inflow of FDI to Asia and by that time China has possesses the share of as much as 26.05%.(World Investment Report, 2008) The conclusion can be made here is that Malaysias reduction inflow of FDI is mainly because their incentive are becoming less competitive compared to other countries in Asia. Problem Statement FDI is strongly recommended to achieve consistent economic growth and resulting in modernisation in industrialisation and raise the living standards of the society. There are many determinants regarding FDI and based incentive policy is one of them. Research shows that (Lam and Liew, 2009, p.435) 2 main assumption of this incentive are that high monetary incentive allows FDI to be attracted easier and high inflow of FDI might lead to higher economic growth. Unfortunately, incentive is not necessary monetary-based like tax exemption but can be a long term relationship that seeks for mutual benefits of both sides. The evidence can be seen that the total inflow of FDI into the region of South East Asia, East Asia and South Asia has increased by 15% to USD 165million in 2005 but for Malaysia despite the fact that many monetary based incentives is provided, Malaysia still experiencing a decrease in foreign direct investment. (Tomlinson, Abdullah, Kolesnikov and Jessop, 2006) In 1990, Mala ysia was ranked 4th in the world for FDI, but was ranked 62th in 2005 and recorded negative inflow of net foreign direct investment in the year 2007 More attention should be given by government, researchers and policy makers to identify the problem and produce the solution that can stimulate the FDI in Malaysia. Much research has been done to stimulate FDI, but a lot lesser research has been carried out considering international relations because mostly focus on microeconomic aspect of domestic firm performance. It is very important for foreign investors to gain confidence to invest in Malaysia, hence enhance the economic growth in Malaysia. More research should be done to determinant other determinants of FDI in order to develop the performance of economy in Malaysia. It is very important for more research to be done on FDI with international relation in order to identify the determinants of FDI that can stimulate the economic growth of Malaysia and not on incentive that only focuses on profit maximization of one sided benefits. Research Objectives The objective of carrying out this study is as below: To review the determinants of FDI that is affecting economic growth in Malaysia To analyze the relationship between FDI and economic growth in Malaysia. To evaluate some policy actions related to increase the inflow of FDI in Malaysia. Research Questions This study is conducted to address the following research questions: Do the determinants of FDI inflow affect the economic growth in Malaysia? Will relationship with FDI result in bloom of economic growth in Malaysia? How policy actions can increase the inflow of FDI in Malaysia? Chapter 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction In this section, a review of literature will provide us with a better understanding of the determinant of FDI and the growth of economic in Malaysia. This chapter focuses on the empirical studies on the role of FDI in the economic growth of host countries. Furthermore, a conceptual framework of these variables will be provided. 2.1 Review of Literature 2.1.1 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has associate with many leading roles in development of host countries such as source of capital, new job opportunities, diffusion of new technology into country, and develop overall economic growth of host countries. Empirical studies have been carried out to show the relationship between FDI and economic growth while others focuses more on the causality of these two variables. Different methods are use by research to find out the determinants of FDI and the relationship it has with economic growth of host countries. By using cross-section data and OLS regression, Balasubramanyam (1996) found out that host countries that impose export promoting strategy produce positive growth of FDI on the economic growth but this does not apply to host countries as imposes import substitution strategy. Cross-sectional data has also conclude that high level of institutional capability which measured by degree of property right protection and bureaucratic efficiency in host country leads to a positive effect of FDI which enhances the economic growth of host countries. (Olofsdotter, 1998) In the work of Borensztein, et al. (1998), they utilize the cross country regression framework to analyse the effect of FDI on economic growth. They use the FDI flows data from industrial countries to 69 developing countries for the past two decades. Their research provided essential information that shown FDI plays an important role in diffusing new technology in host countries, and relatively boost overall economic growth rather than domestic investment. According to another research on (Borensztein et, al.1998) developing economies which focuses on the diffusion process of technology and economic growth, they found out that the positive impact of FDI on economic growth is highly dependent on the availability of human capital in the specific host country. De Mello (1999) uses both time series and panel data fixed effects for a sample of 32 developed and developing countries to study the relationship of FDI and economic growth. However, he only found out little result showing positi ve effect of FDI that affects the economic growth of host country. There are also other research that focuses on the causality between FDI and economic growth. Zhang (2001) and Choe (2003) use co integration and Granger causality test for a sample of 11 developing countries in East Asia and Latin America. Zhang (2001) found out that 5 cases that shows enhancement of economic growth but the condition of host country is important, so factors such as macro stability and trade regime must be attractive to attract FDI in host countries. Through the research of Choe (2003), the finding of casuality between FDI and economic growth shows that FDI is dependent on the economic growth of host country and not the other way around. Little evidence was shown that FDI enhance the growth of economy, but mainly supports that rapid economic growth enhances the FDI inflow into the country. Chowdhury and Mavrotas (2003) use innovative econometric methodology to identify the causality of FDI and economic growth. The research was done using time series data from 1969 to 2000 for three developing countries that are Malaysia, Chile and Thailand. Each country involve with different background of determinants of FDI such as macroeconomic episodes, growth patterns, and policy regimes. Their study found out that GDP was the cause of growth of FDI in Chile, but it does not go the same with Malaysia and Thailand which has strong evidence of bi-directional causality of these two variables. In the case of Frimpong and Abayie (2006), In the research (Bengoa and Sanchez-Robles, 2003) by using panel data to study Latin America between the relationship of FDI and economic growth, they found out there is a positive impact of FDI that lead to increase in economic growth but the research is similar to Borensztein, et.al, (1998) that says economic development depend on the countrys stability condition. Finally, Duasa (2007) which focus on the causality between FDI and output of economic growth in Malaysia and the study found no evidence of relationship between FDI and economic growth. These has indicate that in the case of Malaysia, FDI does not cause economic growth but FDI contributes to stability of growth as growth contributes to stability of FDI. In order to understand the determinants of FDI more accurately, we can see through research done by Vernon (1966) by using product cycle hypothesis which relates to trade theory by Hufbauer (1966). The theory is about the relationship between investment theory and trade theory by using products as they are export or invested. They found out that competition prices in host countries drives foreign investors to seek cost advantages especially labour cost. This shows that innovation of countries to attract FDI is important to improve economic growth. 2.1.2 Economic growth in Malaysia Export growth can be considered as the most researched determinant factor of (FDI) in economic growth. According to Chow (1987, p.124), the export growth of development countries can be identified through the impact of increase in countrys income, non-export production of goods, resource allocation, and capital efficiency, ability in handling external shocks, negative external effects and also total productivity factor. Therefore, research has shown export strategy has been an effective factor in enhancing the economic growth of developing countries. Furthermore, these countries have also testified that export promotion is an effective development strategy (Jung and Marshall, 1985). However, export strategy is not the main determinant factor of FDI that promotes economic growth. According to Ahmand and Harnhirun (1996) research, by using time data series from 1966 until 1988 to determine whether export is the main (FDI) factor that affects countries economic growth on industrial countries like Malaysia, Philipines, Singapore and Thailand, they found out that economic growth and export is dependent on development of countrys policy, and also economic development causes export growth not the other way around. In order to (Alfano et.al, 2004) identify the relationship between FDI, financial market, economic growth and also to find out whether countries with better financial systems are able to exploit FDI effectively. An empirical analysis was done by using cross country data from 1975 to 1995 which concluded that FDI played a leading role in contributing to economic growth in 71 countries which means countries with good financial market are able to take advantage of opportunity offered by FDI. Li and Liu (2005) studied whether FDI affect economic growth by using single and simultaneous system of equation techniques to test these two variables. Their research found a significant relationship between FDI and economic growth which identified, Human capital has indirect interaction with FDI that leads to positive impact on economic growth in developing countries, whereas countries with insufficient technology knowledge will have significant negative impact on economic growth in developing countries Another study done by Hsiao and Hsiao (2006) using panel data and time series from 1986 to 2004 to identify Granger causality between GDP, export and FDI among China, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand found out that FDI has direct one way effect on GDP and indirect effect through export. There was also bilateral causal relationship between export and GDP. Lastly, study done by Baharumshah and Thanoon (2006) using quantitative assessment found out that FDI effects economic growth both long-term and short term in the host countries. Their research has also shown that countries that are able to attract inflow of FDI successfully can generate more investment which leads to faster overall development of economy, hence FDI is a major contributing factor in the economy of East Asian countries. Ang (2007) use annual time series data from 1960 to 2005 in order to find out the determinants of FDI in Malaysia found out that GDP growth had a significant positive impact on FDI inflow. 2.2 Theoretical Framework Foreign direct investment (FDI) Independent variable Dependent variable Technology advancement Economic growth in Malaysia Human Capital Policy development Social GDP 2.2.1 Analysis path This framework is to understand the research of the two variables in the case of my research proposal, foreign direct investment (FDI) is the independent variable and economic growth in Malaysia would be the dependent variable. The purpose of this research proposal is to understand the relationship of FDI and economic growth in Malaysia. In addition, Malaysia can implement different FDI contributing factor that can enhance economic growth in the country. The analysis here is about the determinants of FDI and it interests me in which Malaysia can implement and make FDI more attractive to be invested by foreign firms. In this analysis, the information accumulated should provide the key determinants of FDI at the same time enhance the development of economic growth in Malaysia. Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction This section describes the research methodology use in the study to access the relationship between FDI and economic growth in Malaysia. Simple ordinary least square (OLS) regression and the empirical analysis are done using annual data of FDI and economic growth in Malaysia over the 1970-2005 periods. The research was done using annual data from IMF international Financial Statistic tables, published by International Monetary Fund to find out the relationship between FDI and economic growth in Malaysia. 3.1 Data 3.1.1 Data Resources According to Romano (2004), primary data can be define as data that is collected specially for the purpose of answering research question, while secondary data can be define as existing data collected in order to answer different research project. Secondary data was chosen for this research because it is less expensive compared to primary data, and takes less time to collect data that is needed for research. (Romano, 2004) Secondary data has made information far easier to be obtain by interpreting information from primary data and published them through secondary resource such as newspaper, journals, books, internet, and also research reports. () The existence of secondary data happens when a project needs the collection of data that has already been research in order to further understand the research question on a new project That is why secondary data is essential in order for us because it provide us with the knowledge to form research design and also answering our research quest ions in a more in depth scale. 3.1.2 Data Analysis Procedure In order to complete this research proposal we have mainly use secondary resource such as journals, websites, books, and also research report. Secondary resource has provided us with the information needed at the same time save us time and cost. KBU International College has provided us with books that contain the information needed for us to make references for our research topic. Internet network has been a major contribution by using the Google Chromes search engine we are able to obtain various journals and reports from websites that allows us to make reference and understand our research objectives. Emerald website in particular by using Anglia Ruskin University account has granted us the access to various journals that are easy to obtain without any hassle. The usage of less text book is because the library has insufficient information needed to answer our research questions. 3.2 Hypothesis Null hypothesis H0: FDI is not important for transporting advance technology to enhance host country economic growth. Alternate hypothesis H1: FDI is important for transporting advance technology to enhance host country economic growth. Technology advancement is essential in developing economic growth because it produces skilled labor that will enhance productivity and satisfying demands from consumer. According to Easterly et al. (1995), technology transfer depends on the diffusion process and can take place in 4 forms which is transfer of new technologies and ideas, high technology imports, foreign technology adoption and also level of human capital. Diffusion process of technology into host countries can be different depending on the human capital and availability of technology in the country itself. Example, study made by Borensztein (1998) on developing economies concluded that FDI has positive economy growth but the effect of magnitude depends on the availability of human capital in the host country. This clearly shows that advance technology is very important to enhance economic growth at different level of diffusion growth. Null hypothesis H0: Economic stability is not important to attract FDI into the country Alternate hypothesis H2: Economic stability is important to attract FDI into the country Many countries should pay more attention to economic stability in order to attract FDI which can enhance economic growth. With a stable economy it portrays a positive image and good economic positioning, which in turn attracts foreign investors to invest and generate profit from the investment made in the foreign country as a guaranteed. Therefore, determinants of economic stability should be given attention, the determinants are such as exports, and government expenditure, domestic consumption, and exchange rate that should be manage well by government. According to the research done by Kogid,et.al,(2010) , the most important determinant of economic stability in Malaysia is export and consumption expenditure. Their study also found out that government expenditure and exchange rate are less effective on economic growth but it does not mean it should be ignored but these factors can be act as catalyst and complement factor of economic growth. Null hypothesis H0: Implication of policy does not promote economic growth. Alternate hypothesis H3: Implication of policy does promote economic growth Implication of policy reform is important to draw attention of foreign investment. Policies to promote growth have evidence but it does not work for other countries. This can be seen from the study made by Ahmad and Harnhirun (1996) which studied on new industrial countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Philipines, Singapore and Thailand that found out export and economic growth dependent on development of policy. Therefore, government should impost relevant policies to attract FDI into Malaysia. Example, policies like joint venture which give opportunities to domestic producer to become one with foreign investors. This way will benefit local partner as they have exposure towards technology. 3.3 Limitation Theoretical framework of FDI that is use to analyses the FDI determinants and economic growth in Malaysia could have been done more accurately with more secondary resources. Firstly, KBU International College provides insufficient books that have relation with this research topic. However, KBU does provide student with the account to access Emerald websites that contains many research journals and reports that is very convenient for our research topic. In addition, some determinants of FDI in the theoretical framework were not taken into consideration because there has been insufficient research done on some determinants of FDI that affects economic growth in Malaysia. As a result, this research is not entirely completed to reflect the full extent of FDI on Malaysias economy growth. Since this research is mainly dependent on opinions of researchers around the world, this may lead to inaccuracy of research because they might disagree with research and opinions done by other authors around the world. 4.0 Ethical Consideration Before the research is done, respondents will be notified regarding the aim, benefits and purpose of the research is conducted and the method that is engage to carry out this research so that respondent will be able to understand the reason of caring out this research and the potential hazard level of this research. There are also no pressure of any kind shall be force for individual to become subject of research. In addition, respondents have the permission to withdraw or terminate from participating and becoming subject of the research. These are the ethical action taken so that there will be no violation of human rights. The identity of respondents from who involves in the survey is strictly confidential and shall be discarded once research is completed unless permission is granted by respondents for publish sake. No information of respondents will be revealed and included in the final report. Relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and Growth Relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and Growth Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION This study will give us an opportunity to identify the determinants of FDI that develops economic growth, to understand the importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) in enhancing the economic growth in Malaysia, and also the relationship between (FDI) and the economic growth in Malaysia. In this chapter of study, the main focus will be on research background, research objectives, research questions and also the significant of study. Research Background 1.1.1 The Trend of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Flow in Malaysia The relationship between the growths of FDI with countries has been a debatable issue for several decades. This has become an eye opener which agreed by (Karimi, Sharift and Yusop, 2009, p.2) which drive policymakers to engage in incentives such as export processing zone and tax incentive in order to attract FDI. However, the determinant of FDI in each country is different and failure to understand how a specific country can attract FDI will bring difficulties to changes in economy. In the case of Malaysia, in 2007 the economy was ranked at 29th largest economy in the world with gross domestic products that worth to be $357.9billion (World Bank, 2007). Despite the impact of many externalities such as, oil crises in 1970s, to downturn in electronic industry in 1980s, and majorly impact the Asian financial crisis in 1997s. According to (Ministry of Finance, 2006) the growth of economy in Malaysia was consistent from 1988 to 1996 and maintain the economic annual growth of 7-10% per annu m, by the year 2005 the main source of growth was the manufacturing sector whose share of GDP increase to 31.4 percent. The key driver for the ongoing performance of Malaysias economy is the result of policy reform which is a determinant Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) which enhances the economic growth of Malaysia. The evidence here can be seen by (Ministry of Finance, 2001) introducing the Investment Incentives Act 1968, free trade zones in early 1970s, and export incentives with open policy in 1980s has led to an establishment of FDI in the 1980s. One good example to show that the government has use policy as a determinant of FDI would be, The Promotion of Investment Act (PIA) 1986 which gave a larger percentage of foreign equity ownership in order to attract FDI to enhance economy of Malaysia. This graph illustrates the FDI inflow from 1970-2004 in Malaysia. This research shown that (Har, Teo and Yee, 2008, p.12) FDI stock in Malaysia grew tremendously from 1970s to 1990s, despite fluctuation between the years, and the growth of FDI has been promising from $94 million dollars in 1970s to $2.6 billion by 1990s. Unfortunately, in the early 1990s, the rate of FDI inflow has decrease because of the slowdown investment in Malaysia by two main sources of investors which is Japan and Taiwan. As of 1996, the FDI rate (Har, Teo and Yee, 2008, p.12) has reach its peak when Malaysia successfully accumulated $7.3 billion dollar, by the end of 1998. There has been a major reduction in FDI inflow due to the financial crisis in 1997 that affected many Southeast Asia countries. Unfortunately, by the early 2000s the inflow of FDI in Malaysia has been unpredictable and inconsistent, but still manages to generate average inflow of $3billion per year. In 2007, Malaysias inward (FDI) performance index has reduce compared to the inward (FDI) potential index which shows that Malaysia lack the capability to attract foreign investors in this recent years as seen in table1, and the key factors is because neighboring countries such as China, and India has much more attractive offers such as lower labor cost that make their business more efficient. Since the inflow FDI has been decreasing, Malaysia was ranked 71 in 2007. The table above explains that inward FDI inflow in Malaysia were only US $ 8,043 million and it was only 2.6% of total inflow of FDI to Asia and by that time China has possesses the share of as much as 26.05%.(World Investment Report, 2008) The conclusion can be made here is that Malaysias reduction inflow of FDI is mainly because their incentive are becoming less competitive compared to other countries in Asia. Problem Statement FDI is strongly recommended to achieve consistent economic growth and resulting in modernisation in industrialisation and raise the living standards of the society. There are many determinants regarding FDI and based incentive policy is one of them. Research shows that (Lam and Liew, 2009, p.435) 2 main assumption of this incentive are that high monetary incentive allows FDI to be attracted easier and high inflow of FDI might lead to higher economic growth. Unfortunately, incentive is not necessary monetary-based like tax exemption but can be a long term relationship that seeks for mutual benefits of both sides. The evidence can be seen that the total inflow of FDI into the region of South East Asia, East Asia and South Asia has increased by 15% to USD 165million in 2005 but for Malaysia despite the fact that many monetary based incentives is provided, Malaysia still experiencing a decrease in foreign direct investment. (Tomlinson, Abdullah, Kolesnikov and Jessop, 2006) In 1990, Mala ysia was ranked 4th in the world for FDI, but was ranked 62th in 2005 and recorded negative inflow of net foreign direct investment in the year 2007 More attention should be given by government, researchers and policy makers to identify the problem and produce the solution that can stimulate the FDI in Malaysia. Much research has been done to stimulate FDI, but a lot lesser research has been carried out considering international relations because mostly focus on microeconomic aspect of domestic firm performance. It is very important for foreign investors to gain confidence to invest in Malaysia, hence enhance the economic growth in Malaysia. More research should be done to determinant other determinants of FDI in order to develop the performance of economy in Malaysia. It is very important for more research to be done on FDI with international relation in order to identify the determinants of FDI that can stimulate the economic growth of Malaysia and not on incentive that only focuses on profit maximization of one sided benefits. Research Objectives The objective of carrying out this study is as below: To review the determinants of FDI that is affecting economic growth in Malaysia To analyze the relationship between FDI and economic growth in Malaysia. To evaluate some policy actions related to increase the inflow of FDI in Malaysia. Research Questions This study is conducted to address the following research questions: Do the determinants of FDI inflow affect the economic growth in Malaysia? Will relationship with FDI result in bloom of economic growth in Malaysia? How policy actions can increase the inflow of FDI in Malaysia? Chapter 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction In this section, a review of literature will provide us with a better understanding of the determinant of FDI and the growth of economic in Malaysia. This chapter focuses on the empirical studies on the role of FDI in the economic growth of host countries. Furthermore, a conceptual framework of these variables will be provided. 2.1 Review of Literature 2.1.1 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has associate with many leading roles in development of host countries such as source of capital, new job opportunities, diffusion of new technology into country, and develop overall economic growth of host countries. Empirical studies have been carried out to show the relationship between FDI and economic growth while others focuses more on the causality of these two variables. Different methods are use by research to find out the determinants of FDI and the relationship it has with economic growth of host countries. By using cross-section data and OLS regression, Balasubramanyam (1996) found out that host countries that impose export promoting strategy produce positive growth of FDI on the economic growth but this does not apply to host countries as imposes import substitution strategy. Cross-sectional data has also conclude that high level of institutional capability which measured by degree of property right protection and bureaucratic efficiency in host country leads to a positive effect of FDI which enhances the economic growth of host countries. (Olofsdotter, 1998) In the work of Borensztein, et al. (1998), they utilize the cross country regression framework to analyse the effect of FDI on economic growth. They use the FDI flows data from industrial countries to 69 developing countries for the past two decades. Their research provided essential information that shown FDI plays an important role in diffusing new technology in host countries, and relatively boost overall economic growth rather than domestic investment. According to another research on (Borensztein et, al.1998) developing economies which focuses on the diffusion process of technology and economic growth, they found out that the positive impact of FDI on economic growth is highly dependent on the availability of human capital in the specific host country. De Mello (1999) uses both time series and panel data fixed effects for a sample of 32 developed and developing countries to study the relationship of FDI and economic growth. However, he only found out little result showing positi ve effect of FDI that affects the economic growth of host country. There are also other research that focuses on the causality between FDI and economic growth. Zhang (2001) and Choe (2003) use co integration and Granger causality test for a sample of 11 developing countries in East Asia and Latin America. Zhang (2001) found out that 5 cases that shows enhancement of economic growth but the condition of host country is important, so factors such as macro stability and trade regime must be attractive to attract FDI in host countries. Through the research of Choe (2003), the finding of casuality between FDI and economic growth shows that FDI is dependent on the economic growth of host country and not the other way around. Little evidence was shown that FDI enhance the growth of economy, but mainly supports that rapid economic growth enhances the FDI inflow into the country. Chowdhury and Mavrotas (2003) use innovative econometric methodology to identify the causality of FDI and economic growth. The research was done using time series data from 1969 to 2000 for three developing countries that are Malaysia, Chile and Thailand. Each country involve with different background of determinants of FDI such as macroeconomic episodes, growth patterns, and policy regimes. Their study found out that GDP was the cause of growth of FDI in Chile, but it does not go the same with Malaysia and Thailand which has strong evidence of bi-directional causality of these two variables. In the case of Frimpong and Abayie (2006), In the research (Bengoa and Sanchez-Robles, 2003) by using panel data to study Latin America between the relationship of FDI and economic growth, they found out there is a positive impact of FDI that lead to increase in economic growth but the research is similar to Borensztein, et.al, (1998) that says economic development depend on the countrys stability condition. Finally, Duasa (2007) which focus on the causality between FDI and output of economic growth in Malaysia and the study found no evidence of relationship between FDI and economic growth. These has indicate that in the case of Malaysia, FDI does not cause economic growth but FDI contributes to stability of growth as growth contributes to stability of FDI. In order to understand the determinants of FDI more accurately, we can see through research done by Vernon (1966) by using product cycle hypothesis which relates to trade theory by Hufbauer (1966). The theory is about the relationship between investment theory and trade theory by using products as they are export or invested. They found out that competition prices in host countries drives foreign investors to seek cost advantages especially labour cost. This shows that innovation of countries to attract FDI is important to improve economic growth. 2.1.2 Economic growth in Malaysia Export growth can be considered as the most researched determinant factor of (FDI) in economic growth. According to Chow (1987, p.124), the export growth of development countries can be identified through the impact of increase in countrys income, non-export production of goods, resource allocation, and capital efficiency, ability in handling external shocks, negative external effects and also total productivity factor. Therefore, research has shown export strategy has been an effective factor in enhancing the economic growth of developing countries. Furthermore, these countries have also testified that export promotion is an effective development strategy (Jung and Marshall, 1985). However, export strategy is not the main determinant factor of FDI that promotes economic growth. According to Ahmand and Harnhirun (1996) research, by using time data series from 1966 until 1988 to determine whether export is the main (FDI) factor that affects countries economic growth on industrial countries like Malaysia, Philipines, Singapore and Thailand, they found out that economic growth and export is dependent on development of countrys policy, and also economic development causes export growth not the other way around. In order to (Alfano et.al, 2004) identify the relationship between FDI, financial market, economic growth and also to find out whether countries with better financial systems are able to exploit FDI effectively. An empirical analysis was done by using cross country data from 1975 to 1995 which concluded that FDI played a leading role in contributing to economic growth in 71 countries which means countries with good financial market are able to take advantage of opportunity offered by FDI. Li and Liu (2005) studied whether FDI affect economic growth by using single and simultaneous system of equation techniques to test these two variables. Their research found a significant relationship between FDI and economic growth which identified, Human capital has indirect interaction with FDI that leads to positive impact on economic growth in developing countries, whereas countries with insufficient technology knowledge will have significant negative impact on economic growth in developing countries Another study done by Hsiao and Hsiao (2006) using panel data and time series from 1986 to 2004 to identify Granger causality between GDP, export and FDI among China, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand found out that FDI has direct one way effect on GDP and indirect effect through export. There was also bilateral causal relationship between export and GDP. Lastly, study done by Baharumshah and Thanoon (2006) using quantitative assessment found out that FDI effects economic growth both long-term and short term in the host countries. Their research has also shown that countries that are able to attract inflow of FDI successfully can generate more investment which leads to faster overall development of economy, hence FDI is a major contributing factor in the economy of East Asian countries. Ang (2007) use annual time series data from 1960 to 2005 in order to find out the determinants of FDI in Malaysia found out that GDP growth had a significant positive impact on FDI inflow. 2.2 Theoretical Framework Foreign direct investment (FDI) Independent variable Dependent variable Technology advancement Economic growth in Malaysia Human Capital Policy development Social GDP 2.2.1 Analysis path This framework is to understand the research of the two variables in the case of my research proposal, foreign direct investment (FDI) is the independent variable and economic growth in Malaysia would be the dependent variable. The purpose of this research proposal is to understand the relationship of FDI and economic growth in Malaysia. In addition, Malaysia can implement different FDI contributing factor that can enhance economic growth in the country. The analysis here is about the determinants of FDI and it interests me in which Malaysia can implement and make FDI more attractive to be invested by foreign firms. In this analysis, the information accumulated should provide the key determinants of FDI at the same time enhance the development of economic growth in Malaysia. Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction This section describes the research methodology use in the study to access the relationship between FDI and economic growth in Malaysia. Simple ordinary least square (OLS) regression and the empirical analysis are done using annual data of FDI and economic growth in Malaysia over the 1970-2005 periods. The research was done using annual data from IMF international Financial Statistic tables, published by International Monetary Fund to find out the relationship between FDI and economic growth in Malaysia. 3.1 Data 3.1.1 Data Resources According to Romano (2004), primary data can be define as data that is collected specially for the purpose of answering research question, while secondary data can be define as existing data collected in order to answer different research project. Secondary data was chosen for this research because it is less expensive compared to primary data, and takes less time to collect data that is needed for research. (Romano, 2004) Secondary data has made information far easier to be obtain by interpreting information from primary data and published them through secondary resource such as newspaper, journals, books, internet, and also research reports. () The existence of secondary data happens when a project needs the collection of data that has already been research in order to further understand the research question on a new project That is why secondary data is essential in order for us because it provide us with the knowledge to form research design and also answering our research quest ions in a more in depth scale. 3.1.2 Data Analysis Procedure In order to complete this research proposal we have mainly use secondary resource such as journals, websites, books, and also research report. Secondary resource has provided us with the information needed at the same time save us time and cost. KBU International College has provided us with books that contain the information needed for us to make references for our research topic. Internet network has been a major contribution by using the Google Chromes search engine we are able to obtain various journals and reports from websites that allows us to make reference and understand our research objectives. Emerald website in particular by using Anglia Ruskin University account has granted us the access to various journals that are easy to obtain without any hassle. The usage of less text book is because the library has insufficient information needed to answer our research questions. 3.2 Hypothesis Null hypothesis H0: FDI is not important for transporting advance technology to enhance host country economic growth. Alternate hypothesis H1: FDI is important for transporting advance technology to enhance host country economic growth. Technology advancement is essential in developing economic growth because it produces skilled labor that will enhance productivity and satisfying demands from consumer. According to Easterly et al. (1995), technology transfer depends on the diffusion process and can take place in 4 forms which is transfer of new technologies and ideas, high technology imports, foreign technology adoption and also level of human capital. Diffusion process of technology into host countries can be different depending on the human capital and availability of technology in the country itself. Example, study made by Borensztein (1998) on developing economies concluded that FDI has positive economy growth but the effect of magnitude depends on the availability of human capital in the host country. This clearly shows that advance technology is very important to enhance economic growth at different level of diffusion growth. Null hypothesis H0: Economic stability is not important to attract FDI into the country Alternate hypothesis H2: Economic stability is important to attract FDI into the country Many countries should pay more attention to economic stability in order to attract FDI which can enhance economic growth. With a stable economy it portrays a positive image and good economic positioning, which in turn attracts foreign investors to invest and generate profit from the investment made in the foreign country as a guaranteed. Therefore, determinants of economic stability should be given attention, the determinants are such as exports, and government expenditure, domestic consumption, and exchange rate that should be manage well by government. According to the research done by Kogid,et.al,(2010) , the most important determinant of economic stability in Malaysia is export and consumption expenditure. Their study also found out that government expenditure and exchange rate are less effective on economic growth but it does not mean it should be ignored but these factors can be act as catalyst and complement factor of economic growth. Null hypothesis H0: Implication of policy does not promote economic growth. Alternate hypothesis H3: Implication of policy does promote economic growth Implication of policy reform is important to draw attention of foreign investment. Policies to promote growth have evidence but it does not work for other countries. This can be seen from the study made by Ahmad and Harnhirun (1996) which studied on new industrial countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Philipines, Singapore and Thailand that found out export and economic growth dependent on development of policy. Therefore, government should impost relevant policies to attract FDI into Malaysia. Example, policies like joint venture which give opportunities to domestic producer to become one with foreign investors. This way will benefit local partner as they have exposure towards technology. 3.3 Limitation Theoretical framework of FDI that is use to analyses the FDI determinants and economic growth in Malaysia could have been done more accurately with more secondary resources. Firstly, KBU International College provides insufficient books that have relation with this research topic. However, KBU does provide student with the account to access Emerald websites that contains many research journals and reports that is very convenient for our research topic. In addition, some determinants of FDI in the theoretical framework were not taken into consideration because there has been insufficient research done on some determinants of FDI that affects economic growth in Malaysia. As a result, this research is not entirely completed to reflect the full extent of FDI on Malaysias economy growth. Since this research is mainly dependent on opinions of researchers around the world, this may lead to inaccuracy of research because they might disagree with research and opinions done by other authors around the world. 4.0 Ethical Consideration Before the research is done, respondents will be notified regarding the aim, benefits and purpose of the research is conducted and the method that is engage to carry out this research so that respondent will be able to understand the reason of caring out this research and the potential hazard level of this research. There are also no pressure of any kind shall be force for individual to become subject of research. In addition, respondents have the permission to withdraw or terminate from participating and becoming subject of the research. These are the ethical action taken so that there will be no violation of human rights. The identity of respondents from who involves in the survey is strictly confidential and shall be discarded once research is completed unless permission is granted by respondents for publish sake. No information of respondents will be revealed and included in the final report.

Beyond the Homosexual Connection:An Analysis of Thomas Mann´s Death in

Thomas Mann ´s  ¨Death in Venice ¨ presents a provocative love story between an older man and a young boy. It captures the life of an elderly German writer named Gustave von Aschenbach who, while on vacation, in Venice falls passionately in love with a young Polish boy named Tadzio. However, Aschenbach ´s love is unreciprocated and no real relationship is born. Although the romantic involvement between the characters is one sided, the novel has stilled managed to generate diverse and often controversial interpretations. Many critics, such as Anthony Heilbut have interpreted the novel as one of the first literary works openly dealing with homosexuality (Heilbut 251). Other critics, such as Andre Brink argue that Tadzio is not representing a masculine character. On the contrary, they argue that Tadzio represents a  ¨feline and feminine ¨ figure (Brink 175). However, the reader can examine the novel independently of these two viewpoints. Even though their views lie on opposite sides of the spectrum, both Heilbut and Brink describe  ¨Death in Venice ¨ as portraying an abnormal and destructive relationship. Heilbut argues that Aschenbach ´s relationship with Tadzio is pedantic and spiteful (Heilbut 249). That it portrays Aschenbach as  ¨obscene, frivolous and banal ¨ (Helibut 257). Brink argues that Aschenbach ´s and Tadzio ´s relationship is  ¨menacing, dangerous, destructive ¨ because Tadzio ´s feminine disposition serves as a form of revenge on Aschenbach’s masculine world (Brink 176). However, these viewpoints failed to view  ¨Death in Venice ¨ in a more neutral light because they focus too much on outside perspectives such as homosexuality or the struggle between a female and male force, rather than on the relationship itself. On the contrary,  ¨D... ...es to Calvino. New York: New York University Press, 1998. 173-188. Print. Cupach, William R., and Brian H. Spitzberg. "The Evolution of Relationships, Intimacy, and Intrusion; The Pursuit of Ordinary Relationships." The Dark Side of Relationship Pursuit: From Attraction to Obession and Stalking. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 2004. 1-34. Print. Heilbut, Anthony. "Death in Venice." Thomas Mann: Eros and Literature. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996. 246-267. Print. Mann, Thomas. Death in Venice and Seven Other Stories. Trans. H.T Lowe-Porter New York: Vintage International, 1989. 3-73. Print. Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press, 2012. Web. 21 Feb 2012. . WR 150 J7 Spring 2012. Love in the Modern Novel: Compilation of Love Questionnaire Responses. Writing Department, Boston University, MA Beyond the Homosexual Connection:An Analysis of Thomas Mann ´s Death in Thomas Mann ´s  ¨Death in Venice ¨ presents a provocative love story between an older man and a young boy. It captures the life of an elderly German writer named Gustave von Aschenbach who, while on vacation, in Venice falls passionately in love with a young Polish boy named Tadzio. However, Aschenbach ´s love is unreciprocated and no real relationship is born. Although the romantic involvement between the characters is one sided, the novel has stilled managed to generate diverse and often controversial interpretations. Many critics, such as Anthony Heilbut have interpreted the novel as one of the first literary works openly dealing with homosexuality (Heilbut 251). Other critics, such as Andre Brink argue that Tadzio is not representing a masculine character. On the contrary, they argue that Tadzio represents a  ¨feline and feminine ¨ figure (Brink 175). However, the reader can examine the novel independently of these two viewpoints. Even though their views lie on opposite sides of the spectrum, both Heilbut and Brink describe  ¨Death in Venice ¨ as portraying an abnormal and destructive relationship. Heilbut argues that Aschenbach ´s relationship with Tadzio is pedantic and spiteful (Heilbut 249). That it portrays Aschenbach as  ¨obscene, frivolous and banal ¨ (Helibut 257). Brink argues that Aschenbach ´s and Tadzio ´s relationship is  ¨menacing, dangerous, destructive ¨ because Tadzio ´s feminine disposition serves as a form of revenge on Aschenbach’s masculine world (Brink 176). However, these viewpoints failed to view  ¨Death in Venice ¨ in a more neutral light because they focus too much on outside perspectives such as homosexuality or the struggle between a female and male force, rather than on the relationship itself. On the contrary,  ¨D... ...es to Calvino. New York: New York University Press, 1998. 173-188. Print. Cupach, William R., and Brian H. Spitzberg. "The Evolution of Relationships, Intimacy, and Intrusion; The Pursuit of Ordinary Relationships." The Dark Side of Relationship Pursuit: From Attraction to Obession and Stalking. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 2004. 1-34. Print. Heilbut, Anthony. "Death in Venice." Thomas Mann: Eros and Literature. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996. 246-267. Print. Mann, Thomas. Death in Venice and Seven Other Stories. Trans. H.T Lowe-Porter New York: Vintage International, 1989. 3-73. Print. Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press, 2012. Web. 21 Feb 2012. . WR 150 J7 Spring 2012. Love in the Modern Novel: Compilation of Love Questionnaire Responses. Writing Department, Boston University, MA

Foundation and Empire 24. Convert

The thin life of Trantor trickled to nothing when they entered among the wide-spaced buildings of the University grounds. There was a solemn and lonely silence over it. The strangers of the Foundation knew nothing of the swirling days and nights of the bloody Sack that had left the University untouched. They knew nothing of the time after the collapse of the Imperial power, when the students, with their borrowed weapons, and their pale-faced inexperienced bravery, formed a protective volunteer army to protect the central shrine of the science of the Galaxy. They knew nothing of the Seven Days Fight, and the armistice that kept the University free, when even the Imperial palace clanged with the boots of Gilmer and his soldiers, during the short interval of their rule. Those of the Foundation, approaching for the first time, realized only that in a world of transition from a gutted old to a strenuous new this area was a quiet, graceful museum-piece of ancient greatness. They were intruders in a sense. The brooding emptiness rejected them. The academic atmosphere seemed still to live and to stir angrily at the disturbance. The library was a deceptively small building which broadened out vastly underground into a mammoth volume of silence and reverie. Ebling Mis paused before the elaborate murals of the reception room. He whispered – one had to whisper here: â€Å"I think we passed the catalog rooms back a way. I'll stop there.† His forehead was flushed, his hand trembling, â€Å"I mustn't be disturbed, Toran. Will you bring my meals down to me?† â€Å"Anything you say. We'll do all we can to help. Do you want us to work under you-â€Å" â€Å"No. I must be alone-â€Å" â€Å"You think you will get what you want.† And Ebling Mis replied with a soft certainty, â€Å"I know I will!† Toran and Bayta came closer to â€Å"setting up housekeeping† in normal fashion than at any time in their year of married life. It was a strange sort of â€Å"housekeeping.† They lived in the middle of grandeur with an inappropriate simplicity. Their food was drawn largely from Lee Senter's farm and was paid for in the little nuclear gadgets that may be found on any Trader's ship. Magnifico taught himself how to use the projectors in the library reading room, and sat over adventure novels and romances to the point where he was almost as forgetful of meals and sleep as was Ebling Mis. Ebling himself was completely buried. He had insisted on a hammock being slung up for him in the Psychology Reference Room. His face grew thin and white. His vigor of speech was lost and his favorite curses had died a mild death. There were times when the recognition of either Toran or Bayta seemed a struggle. He was more himself with Magnifico who brought him his meals and often sat watching him for hours at a time, with a queer, fascinated absorption, as the aging psychologist transcribed endless equations, cross-referred to endless book-films, scurried endlessly about in a wild mental effort towards an end he alone saw. Toran came upon her in the darkened room, and said sharply, â€Å"Bayta!† Bayta started guiltily. â€Å"Yes? You want me, Torie?† â€Å"Sure I want you. What in Space are you sitting there for? You've been acting all wrong since we got to Trantor. What's the matter with you?† â€Å"Oh, Torie, stop,† she said, wearily. And â€Å"Oh, Torie, stop!† he mimicked impatiently. Then, with sudden softness, â€Å"Won't you tell me what's wrong, Bay? Something's bothering you.† â€Å"No! Nothing is, Torie. If you keep on just nagging and nagging, you'll have me mad. I'm just – thinking.† â€Å"Thinking about what?† â€Å"About nothing. Well, about the Mule, and Haven, and the Foundation, and everything. About Ebling Mis and whether he'll find anything about the Second Foundation, and whether it will help us when he does find it – and a million other things. Are you satisfied?† Her voice was agitated. â€Å"If you're just brooding, do you mind stopping? It isn't pleasant and it doesn't help the situation.† Bayta got to her feet and smiled weakly. â€Å"All right. I'm happy. See, I'm smiling and jolly. â€Å" Magnifico's voice was an agitated cry outside. â€Å"My lady-â€Å" â€Å"What is it? Come-â€Å" Bayta's voice choked off sharply when the opening door framed the large, hard-faced- â€Å"Pritcher,† cried Toran. Bayta gasped, â€Å"Captain! How did you find us?† Han Pritcher stepped inside. His voice was clear and level, and utterly dead of feeling, â€Å"My rank is colonel now – under the Mule.† â€Å"Under the†¦ Mule!† Toran's voice trailed off. They formed a tableau there, the three. Magnifico stared wildly and shrank behind Toran. Nobody stopped to notice him. Bayta said, her hands trembling in each other's tight grasp, â€Å"You are arresting us? You have really gone over to them?† The colonel replied quickly, â€Å"I have not come to arrest you. My instructions make no mention of you. With regard to you, I am free, and I choose to exercise our old friendship, if you will let me.† Toran's face was a twisted suppression of fury, â€Å"How did you find us? You were in the Filian ship, then? You followed us?† The wooden lack of expression on Pritcher's face might have flickered in embarrassment. â€Å"I was on the Filian ship! I met you in the first place†¦ well†¦ by chance.† â€Å"It is a chance that is mathematically impossible.† â€Å"No. Simply rather improbable, so my statement will have to stand. In any case, you admitted to the. Filians – there is, of course, no such nation as Filia actually – that you were heading for the Trantor sector, and since the Mule already had his contacts upon Neotrantor, it was easy to have you detained there. Unfortunately, you got away before I arrived, but not long before. I had time to have the farms on Trantor ordered to report your arrival. It was done and I am here. May I sit down? I come in friendliness, believe me. He sat. Toran bent his head and thought futilely. With a numbed lack of emotion, Bayta prepared tea. Toran looked up harshly. â€Å"Well, what are you waiting for – colonel? What's your friendship? If it's not arrest, what is it then? Protective custody? Call in your men and give your orders.† Patiently, Pritcher shook his head. â€Å"No, Toran. I come of my own will to speak to you, to persuade you of the uselessness of what you are doing. If I fail I shall leave. That is all.† â€Å"That is all? Well, then peddle your propaganda, give us your speech, and leave. I don't want any tea, Bayta.† Pritcher accepted a cup, with a grave word of thanks. He looked at Toran with a clear strength as he sipped lightly. Then he said, â€Å"The Mule is a mutant. He can not be beaten in the very nature of the mutation-â€Å" â€Å"Why? What is the mutation?† asked Toran, with sour humor. â€Å"I suppose you'll tell us now, eh?† â€Å"Yes, I will. Your knowledge won't hurt him. You see – he is capable of adjusting the emotional balance of human beings. It sounds like a little trick, but it's quite unbeatable.† Bayta broke in, â€Å"The emotional balance?† She frowned, â€Å"Won't you explain that? I don't quite understand.† â€Å"I mean that it is an easy matter for him to instill into a capable general, say, the emotion of utter loyalty to the Mule and complete belief in the Mule's victory. His generals are emotionally controlled. They can not betray him; they can not weaken – and the control is permanent. His most capable enemies become his most faithful subordinates, The warlord of Kalgan surrenders his planet and becomes his viceroy for the Foundation.† â€Å"And you,† added Bayta, bitterly, â€Å"betray your cause and become Mule's envoy to Trantor. I see!† â€Å"I haven't finished. The Mule's gift works in reverse even more effectively. Despair is an emotion! At the crucial moment, keymen on the Foundation – keymen on Haven – despaired. Their worlds fell without too much struggle.† â€Å"Do you mean to say,† demanded Bayta, tensely, â€Å"that the feeling I had in the Time Vault was the Mule juggling my emotional control.† â€Å"Mine, too. Everyone's. How was it on Haven towards the end?† Bayta turned away. Colonel Pritcher continued earnestly, â€Å"As it works for worlds, so it works for individuals. Can you fight a force which can make you surrender willingly when it so desires; can make you a faithful servant when it so desires?† Toran said slowly, â€Å"How do I know this is the truth?† â€Å"Can you explain the fall of the Foundation and of Haven otherwise? Can you explain my conversion otherwise? Think, man! What have you – or I – or the whole Galaxy accomplished against the Mule in all this time? What one little thing?† Toran felt the challenge, â€Å"By the Galaxy, I can!† With a sudden touch of fierce satisfaction, he shouted, â€Å"Your wonderful Mule had contacts with Neotrantor you say that were to have detained us, eh? Those contacts are dead or worse. We killed the crown prince and left the other a whimpering idiot. The Mule did not stop us there, and that much has been undone.† â€Å"Why, no, not at all. Those weren't our men. The crown prince was a wine-soaked mediocrity. The other man, Commason, is phenomenally stupid. He was a power on his world but that didn't prevent him from being vicious, evil, and completely incompetent. We had nothing really to do with them. They were, in a sense, merely feints-â€Å" â€Å"It was they who detained us, or tried.† â€Å"Again, no. Commason had a personal slave – a man called Inchney. Detention was his policy. He is old, but will serve our temporary purpose. You would not have killed him, you see.† Bayta whirled on him. She had not touched her own tea. â€Å"But, by your very statement, your own emotions have been tampered with. You've got faith and belief in the Mule, an unnatural, a diseased faith in the Mule. Of what value are your opinions? You've lost all power of objective thought.† â€Å"You are wrong.† Slowly, the colonel shook his head. â€Å"Only my emotions are fixed. My reason is as it always was. It may be influenced in a certain direction by my conditioned emotions, but it is not forced. And there are some things I can see more clearly now that I am freed of my earlier emotional trend. â€Å"I can see that the Mule's program is an intelligent and worthy one. In the time since I have been – converted, I have followed his career from its start seven years ago. With his mutant mental power, he began by winning over a condottiere and his band. With that – and his power – he won a planet. With that – and his power – he extended his grip until he could tackle the warlord of Kalgan. Each step followed the other logically. With Kalgan in his pocket, he had a first-class fleet, and with that – and his power – he could attack the Foundation. â€Å"The Foundation is the key. It is the greatest area of industrial concentration in the Galaxy, and now that the nuclear techniques of the Foundation are in his hands, he is the actual master of the Galaxy. With those techniques – and his power – he can force the remnants of the Empire to acknowledge his rule, and eventually – with the death of the old emperor, who is mad and not long for this world – to crown him emperor. He will then have the name as well as the fact. With that – and his power – where is the world in the Galaxy that can oppose him? â€Å"In these last seven years, he has established a new Empire. In seven years, in other words, he will have accomplished what all Seldon's psychohistory could not have done in less than an additional seven hundred. The Galaxy will have peace and order at last. â€Å"And you could not stop it – any more than you could stop a planet's rush with your shoulders.† A long silence followed Pritcher's speech. What remained of his tea had grown cold. He emptied his cup, filled it again, and drained it slowly. Toran bit viciously at a thumbnail. Bayta's face was cold, and distant, and white. Then Bayta said in a thin voice, â€Å"We are not convinced. If the Mule wishes us to be, let him come here and condition us himself. You fought him until the last moment of your conversion, I imagine, didn't you?† â€Å"I did,† said Colonel Pritcher, solemnly. â€Å"Then allow us the same privilege.† Colonel Pritcher arose. With a crisp air of finality, he said, â€Å"Then I leave. As I said earlier, my mission at present concerns you in no way. Therefore, I don't think it will be necessary to report your presence here. That is not too great a kindness. If the Mule wishes you stopped, he no doubt has other men assigned to the job, and you will be stopped. But, for what it is worth, I shall not contribute more than my requirement.† â€Å"Thank you,† said Bayta faintly. â€Å"As for Magnifico. Where is he? Come out, Magnifico, I won't hurt you-â€Å" â€Å"What about him?† demanded Bayta, with sudden animation. â€Å"Nothing. My instructions make no mention of him, either. I have heard that he is searched for, but the Mule will find him when the time suits him. I shall say nothing. Will you shake hands?† Bayta shook her head. Toran glared his frustrated contempt. There was the slightest lowering of the colonel's iron shoulders. He strode to the door, turned and said: â€Å"One last thing. Don't think I am not aware of the source of your stubbornness. It is known that you search for the Second Foundation. The Mule, in his time, will take his measures. Nothing will help you – But I knew you in other times; perhaps there is something in my conscience that urged me to this; at any rate, I tried to help you and remove you from the final danger before it was too late. Good-by.† He saluted sharply – and was gone. Bayta turned to a silent Toran, and whispered, â€Å"They even know about the Second Foundation.† In the recesses of the library, Ebling Mis, unaware of all, crouched under the one spark of light amid the murky spaces and mumbled triumphantly to himself.

Earning a Supply Chain Management Degree

Earning a Supply Chain Management Degree Supply chain management involves overseeing aspects of the supply chain. A supply chain is a network of interconnected businesses. Each business contributes one aspect of the chain, from production to the procurement of raw materials to the transportation of materials to the manufacturing process to the consumer market to the final act of consumption. The ultimate goal of supply chain management is to make this chain run efficiently and effectively while reducing costs and delivering customer satisfaction. What a Supply Chain Management Degree Is A supply chain management degree is a type of post-secondary degree awarded to students who have completed a college, university, or business school program that focuses on the management of supply chain activities. Types of Supply Chain Management Degrees There are three basic types of supply chain management degrees that can be earned from a college, university, or business school: Bachelors Degree in Supply Chain Management - A bachelors degree program with a specialization in supply chain management consists of general education courses in addition to courses that focus exclusively on logistics and supply chain management. Although accelerated and part-time programs are available, most bachelors programs take approximately four years to complete.Masters Degree in Supply Chain Management - A masters degree or MBA degree program in supply chain management usually consists of general business courses in addition to specialized courses in supply chain management. Masters program traditionally takes two years to complete; accelerated programs can usually be completed in less time.Doctorate Degree in Supply Chain Management - A doctorate program in supply chain management requires intense study and research. These programs usually take three to five years to complete, though program length can vary. An associates degree is sufficient for many entry-level supply chain management and logistician positions. However, a bachelors degree is becoming a more common requirement, especially for more advanced positions. A masters degree or MBA in supply chain management may be the best option for individuals interested in leadership positions. Earning a Supply Chain Management Degree Supply chain management degrees can be found through online and campus-based programs. Many business schools with an MBA program offer concentrations in supply chain management. Bachelors degree programs can also be found at a number of colleges and universities. The best supply chain and logistics programs  offer a targeted education, experienced faculty, and career assistance. Using Your Supply Chain Management Degree Many people who earn a supply chain management degree go on to oversee aspects of a supply chain. They may work for a specific company or firm or may be self-employed as a consultant. Popular positions for supply chain management graduates include: Logistician - Logisticians, or logistics managers as they are also known, are responsible for analyzing and coordinating a company’s supply chain. They manage nearly every aspect of the chain, including procurement of the product, distribution, allocation, and delivery. More than half of all logisticians work for the government or manufacturing firms.Supply Chain Analyst - Also known as project specialists or supply chain coordinators, supply chain analysts are responsible for monitoring, analyzing, and improving supply chain processes. They predict how logistics will work, oversee operations, and then make a recommendation to make everything better. Most supply chain analysts work for manufacturers or logistics services providers.Transportation Manager - Transportation managers oversee the loading, storage, and transportation of goods. Their main responsibility is to make sure things get where they need to go, but they are also responsible for controlling expenses and ensurin g transport operates within the law. Professional Associations Joining a professional organization is a good way to learn more about the field of supply chain management. As a member of an association, you can meet other people in the field and talk to them about their experiences. As you build your network, you may be able to find a mentor who can offer guidance as you earn your degree and enter the career field. Two professional associations that you may want to consider include: Council of Supply Chain Management - The Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP) is a professional association of supply chain management professionals. They offer education, news, career information, networking opportunities, and much more.APICS - APICS, the Association for Operations Management, offers certification programs for supply chain professionals. Certification options include the APICS Certified in Production and Inventory Management (CPIM) program, the APICS Certified Supply Chain Professional (CSCP) program, and the APICS Certified Fellow in Production and Inventory Management (CFPIM) program.

James West and the Invention of the Microphone

James West and the Invention of the Microphone James Edward West, Ph.D., was a Bell Laboratories Fellow at Lucent Technologies where he specialized in electro, physical and architectural acoustics. He retired in 2001 after dedicated more than 40 years to the company. He then took a position as a research professor with Johns Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering.   Born in Prince Edward County, Virginia on February 10, 1931, West attended Temple University and interned at Bell Labs during his summer breaks. Upon his graduation in 1957, he joined Bell Labs and began work in electroacoustics, physical acoustics, and architectural acoustics. In conjunction with Gerhard Sessler, West patented the electret microphone in 1964 while working at Bell Laboratories. West’s Research   Wests research in the early 1960s led to the development of the foil electret transducers for sound recording and voice communication that are used in 90 percent all microphones built today. These electrets are also at the heart of most telephones now being manufactured. The new microphone became widely used because of its high performance, accuracy, and reliability. It also cost little to produce, and it was small and light weight. The electret transducer began as the result of an accident, like many notable inventions. West was fooling around with a radio – he loved taking things apart and putting them back together as a child, or at least attempting to put them back together. In this instance, he became acquainted with electricity, something that would fascinate him for years.   West’s Microphone   James West joined forces with Sessler while he was at Bell. Their goal was to develop a compact, sensitive microphone that wouldn’t cost a fortune to produce. They completed development of their electret microphone in 1962 – it worked on the basis of the electret transducers they had developed – and they began production of the device in 1969. Their invention became the standard of the industry. The vast majority of microphones used today in everything from baby monitors and hearing aids to telephones, camcorders and tape recorders all use Bell’s technology. James West holds 47 U.S. patents and more than 200 foreign patents on microphones and techniques for making polymer ​foil electrets. He has authored more than 100 papers and has contributed to books on acoustics, solid-state physics, and material science. He has received numerous awards, including the Golden Torch Award in 1998 sponsored by the National Society of Black Engineers, and the Lewis Howard Latimer Light Switch and Socket Award in 1989. He was chosen New Jersey Inventor of the Year in 1995 and was inducted into the Inventors Hall of Fame in 1999. He was appointed president of the Acoustical Society of American in 1997 and is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. Both James  West and Gerhard Sessler were inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1999.

Film or Play Review Movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Film or Play - Movie Review Example In order to avoid Antonia and Alonzo, he proceeds to create his own kingdom in a remote island in Greek with Miranda, Aretha, his mistress, and Kalibanos, a goat herder and the only inhabitant on the island before Philip arrives. On this magical island with surreally beautiful scenery, the obsession of Philip unfolds. His exercise of power affects the agency of characters who are already marginalized by their race, gender, and social status. In addition, Philip’s character also serves as a critique of an upper-middle class male who occupies a high social status but is oppressed by people who possess even more wealth and social capital that him. Unlike Shakespeare’s Prospero, the protagonist of the film Philip, performed by John Cassavetes is portrayed as a miserable middle-aged man who is tired of his career and social life. On the other hand, his employer Alonzo is extremely upbeat and ambitious, even though he appears to be much older than Philip. Instead of having an Antonio figure in the film to rebel against the protagonist, Mazursky chooses to transform that character into Antonia. This is an interesting move that will affect the audience’s feeling towards Philip as Antonia is a loyal but frustrated wife instead of an antagonistic character, the audience is less likely to be sympathetic towards Philip. Antonia’s hair style and clothing highlights her confidence and femininity, which seems to intimidate Philip. Another interesting female character in the film is Aretha, the Ariel figure in Shakespeare’s original play. She dons an airy white and half transparent gown throughout the whole mov ie, complementing the serenity of the island. Here Mazursky once again plays on the idea of masculinity and femininity. Philip explicitly refuses to have sex with Aretha without explaining the reason. It seems that Philip remains insecure about his power as a man after being oppressed and cheated respectively by Alonzo

Custody Synapsis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Custody Synapsis - Research Paper Example The case will be evaluated based upon the information presented. Jane and John had been married for several years and were divorced due to incompatibility one year ago. Jane and John share one child, Anna, who is three years old. Currently John is the custodial and residential parent of three year old Anna, having been awarded custody in the divorce proceeding by the previous judge. Jane was granted regular, unsupervised visitation with Anna. John is now asking the court to grant permanent supervised visitation for the mother Jane due to strange behavior he indicates Anna is exhibiting. In response to John’s request, Jane is asking the court for a change of custody making him the custodial and residential parent. John, the Plaintiff is asking the court to grant permanent supervised visitation for Jane due to sexual abuse allegations. The sexual abuse allegations came from an incident that happened two months ago. Anna was playing at his mother’s home when she suddenly bent over, dropped her underwear and continued to put her fingers up to her private parts saying â€Å"my mommy hurt my butt and body daddy.† Concerned, John calls children services and reports the daughter’s behavior. Children’s services workers come to his home and John tells them about the incident, while Anna is playing quietly in her room. John is not only concerned about the incident but also some of Anna’s behaviors that have been disturbing him for some time, Anna has, on three different occasions, been observed trying to insert foreign objects in to her private areas, has been dropping her underwear and saying â€Å"look at my butt†, and has taken the water hose and pushed it u p against her genital area. These behaviors took place in various settings with and without John present. These are some of the witnesses to these behaviors Anna’s Aunt, Anna’s paternal grandmother and grandfather, John’s girlfriend, and in front of John’s good friend. John has responded